Impact of Previous Ankle Injuries on Professional Footballers' Preseason Functional Ankle Assessment

@#Introduction: Football is the most popular sport and is widely played around the globe, with approximately 400 million players in 208 countries. Lower extremity injuries showed the highest incidence, with ankle injuries being the most prevalent after hip and knee injuries. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of the players who reported previous ankle injuries during pre-competition medical assessment (PCMA) during the 2022 seasons of the Malaysian professional club. In addition, the study also investigated the effect of previous injuries on current ankle function. Materials and methodsː This was a retrospective crosssectional study using secondary data from the preseason PCMA data from a professional club that competed in Malaysia. The ankle range of motion, anterior drawer test, and functional ankle assessments including the Biodex athlete single leg stability test and ankle joint muscle strength were performed during the PCMA. Results: A total of 45 footballers reported previous history of ankle injuries to the left (n=9), right (n=20), or both ankles (n=16). Footballers with prior ankle injuries exhibited significantly less ankle inversion (p = 0.008) and a larger proportion of positive ADT tests in the injured ankle (x² (1, N=90) =7.76, p=0.005) compared to the non-injured side. there was no significant difference in other ankle range of motion, ankle stability index, or ankle muscular strength between previously injured and uninjured ankles. Conclusionsː During preseason screening, half of the footballers in this study reported previous history of ankle injury, putting them at risk of having future ankle injuries. Aside from inversion and the anterior drawer test, no significant differences in range of motion, stability index, or muscle strength were discovered. However, as injury causation is multifactorial, preventive measures should be taken to reduce the risk of injury.

Effectiveness Of Community-Based Health Education On Preparedness For Flood-Related Communicable Diseases In Kelantan

@#The flood disaster in Kelantan in 2014 had resulted in substantial health implications including increased cases of communicable diseases. There was a lack of community preparedness including customized health educations in the prevention and control of flood-related communicable diseases in the affected areas. The research was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based health education modules on flood-related communicable diseases among communities in Kelantan. Health education modules focusing on major food-related diseases were developed. A non-randomized community-controlled trial using the modules were conducted. Outcomes were assessed on knowledge, attitude and preventive practice scores to flood-related communicable diseases using a pre-validated questionnaire. Independent t test was used to compare mean scores between the intervention community (Tumpat) and the control community (Bachok) at 1-month post intervention. One-way independent ANOVA test was done to compare score differences at baseline (pre), post 1-month and post 2-month from repeated surveys among random samples within the intervention community. There were significant improvements in all knowledge components from 9.4% to 52.6% with 10% increment in attitude scores toward preventing behaviours on flood-related communicable diseases. When compared against the control community at one-month post-intervention, there were significantly higher knowledge on types of diseases, symptoms and risk factors as well as practice scores of drinking safe water and protective habits. This research demonstrated that community-based health education is effective in improving relevant knowledge, attitude and preventive practices among affected communities as part of their preparedness toward communicable diseases related to flood.

ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MALAYSIAN COMPETITIVE POWERLIFTERS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

@#Background: Studies on the anthropometric, physical and physiological characteristics among Malaysian Paralympic powerlifters are limited. This study examined the sociodemographic, clinical information and anthropometric physical parameters of Paralympic powerlifters in Malaysia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during a Powerlifting Workshop and National Championship in 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on powerlifters’ sociodemographic, sports participation history and medical information. All participants underwent a structured physical medical examination and anthropometric assessments. Results: Fifty-two powerlifters participated in this study. Mean age of participants was 24.50±SD8.25 year. The majority of the participants were men (82.7%) and most had spinal cord injury (34.6%) or amputation of the lower limb (26.9%). Most of the powerlifters competed at district and state level championships and 42.3% had represented Malaysia at international competitions. Women powerlifters had a significantly higher amount of body fat compared to men (35.61% vs 19.80%; p=0.003). Male power-lifters had significantly longer arm and forearm length (30.10±IQR3.00 cm vs 23.00±IQR2.13 cm; p=0.020). A significantly positive relationship was found between age, experience, weight, BMI, LBM, arm circumferences (relaxed and tensed) and the powerlifter’s best lift. Age, experience, body weight, BMI, lean body mass, body fat, hip circumference and arm circumferences (relaxed and tensed) met the criteria for inclusion in a multivariate model. Years of experience and non-dominant arm circumference (tensed) were significant predictors of best lifts among powerlifters. Conclusion: In conclusion, assessment of anthropometric measures could be useful in monitoring athletes’ progress with training and have a role in the talent identification program for Paralympic powerlifters

Non-clinical Expectations of Patients in an Oral Healthcare Setup: A Qualitative Research.

Aims: Patients’ expectations are essential part of healthcare delivery system. This would definitely relate to patient satisfaction and consequently would provide a guideline for promotion of community health level. This study illustrates the non-clinical expectations of patients referred to a dental school clinic. Study Design: This is a Qualitative study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was performed in dental school of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, for a period of three months from May to July 2015. Methodology: In this qualitative study, seventeen patients aged 18 years and older were interviewed. These patients were selected by convenient sampling method from a dental school in Tehran, Iran. The data was gathered based upon semi-structured, face-to-face, and an in-depth interview. The transcribed interview texts were analyzed according to the principals of qualitative content analysis. Results: The responses were interpreted into two main themes: “met” and “unmet” expectations. “Met expectations” included four subthemes consisting “students and staff behaviors”, “infection control”, “fees”, and “trust” in dental school clinics. “Unmet expectations” included seven subthemes consisting “length of reception process”, “waiting time”, “accessibility”, “explanation about treatment procedures”, “facilities and equipment”, “working hours of the clinic” and “insurance coverage”. Conclusion: The results highlight that there are many concerns to the eyes of healthcare receivers which should be regarded by healthcare providers and administrators. Meeting these expectations would consequently improve the oral health level of a related community.

Wife battering trends in Pakistani population

Objective: to study the present trends about wife battering in Pakistani population

Material and Methods: two hundred cases of battered wife were selected from Emergency and OPD of Islam Hospital Sialkot, OPD and Emergency of Fouji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi, PD and Emergency Department of Railway Hospital Rawalpindi, OPD and Emergency Department of Services Hospital, Lahore, and OPD and Emergency Department of Shahina Jamil Hospital Abbottabad. The data was collected on preform with relation to age, socio economic status, literacy rate, occupation, addiction, joint family system and residential area with the permission of authorities of the hospitals. The data was analyzed for results statistically

Results: in this study the victims of battered wife were maximum at the age range 21 30 years 33 % [66 cases] as compared to age range 71 80 years 02 % [04 cases]. The house wives were the maximum victims of battered wife 25 % [50 cases] as compared to belonging to business community wives 05 % [10 cases]. In the lower class the victims of battered wife were 56 % [112 cases]; in middle class 24 % [48 cases] and in high gentry 20 % [40 cases] victims of battered wife were recorded. Among the addicted couples the battering of wife was higher 83 % [166 cases] as compared to non-addicted couples 17 % [34 cases]. The battered wives were 73 % [146 cases] in case of more than one wife as compared to single wife 27 % [54 cases]. Where there was sickness of the wife or husband the victims were 83 % [166 cases] as compared to healthy couple which were 17 % [34 cases]. In illiterate families the victims of battered wife were 63 % [126 cases] as compared to literate families 37 % [74 cases]. In joint family system the victims of battered wife were 67 % [134 cases] as compared to nuclear family system 33 % [66 cases] were seen. The victims of battered wife were maximum from rural area 67 [134 cases] as compared to urban area 33 % [66 cases]

Conclusion: the tendency of battered wife is a global problem. It is increasing day by day in developed/ under developed countries and nations. This trend is even going to be increased in Muslims countries where battering to the wife is prohibited [Haraam]

Haemoglobin Sickle D Punjab: - A Case Report

Haemoglobin S D-Punjab is a rare compound heterozygous haemoglobinopathy characterised by the presence of two β globin gene variants: β6(GAG→GTG) and β121(GAA→CAA). These patients’ clinical and haematological features mimic haemoglobin S disease. We describe the first case of doubly heterozygous HbSD-Punjab from Malaysia managed with regular blood transfusion at the age of one. This case highlights the propensity for occurrence of rare phenotypes within our multi-ethnic population and emphasises the importance of accurate genotyping to avoid erroneous counselling, and to plan an effective patient management strategy before complication evolves.

Tocotrienol-rich fraction from palm oil prevents oxidative damage in diabetic rats

This study was carried out to determine the effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction [TRF] [200 mg/Kg] on biomarkers of oxidative stress on erythrocyte membranes and leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] damage in streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetic rats. Male rats [n = 40] were divided randomly into four groups of 10: a normal group; a normal group with TRF; a diabetic group, and a diabetic group with TRF. Following four weeks of treatment, fasting blood glucose [FBG] levels, oxidative stress markers and the antioxidant status of the erythrocytes were measured. FBG levels for the STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly increased [P <0.001] when compared to the normal group and erythrocyte malondialdehyde levels were also significantly higher [P <0.0001] in this group. Decreased levels of reduced glutathione and increased levels of oxidised glutathione [P <0.001] were observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats when compared to the control group and diabetic group with TRF. The results of the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower in the STZ-induced diabetic rats than in the normal group [P <0.001]. The levels of DNA damage, measured by the tail length and tail moment of the leukocyte, were significantly higher in STZ-induced diabetic [P <0.0001]. TRF supplementation managed to normalise the level of DNA damage in diabetic rats treated with TRF. Daily supplementation with 200 mg/Kg of TRF for four weeks was found to reduce levels of oxidative stress markers by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing the levels of antioxidant status in a prevention trial for STZ-induced diabetic rats

response of skin hardness and pain sensation to ultrasonic treatment in lipodermatosclerosis patients

Lipodermatosclerosis [LDS] is considered a type of panniculitis [inflammation of subcutaneous fat]. Patient experiences severe pain, increased stress, swelling, walking problems and decreased quality of life. The end result of untreated LDS is ulcer formation with high incidence of delayed healing and infection. In addition to psychological problem, the financial costs can be significant. To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonic waves [U.S.] in the treatment of lipodermatosclerosis. Forty patients with lipodermatosclerosis from both sexes aged from 42 to 65 years were assigned into two groups of equal number. The study group [group A] received continuous U.S. three times/week at frequency of 3 MHz in addition to routine treatment which consisted of wearing grade 2 compression stocking [30-40 mmHg] during weight bearing conditions, patients were advised to try to decrease weight bearing as much as possible during the treatment period and circulatory exercise for 15 min at least 5 times/day, control group [group B] received placebo U.S. plus routine treatment. Pain sensation and skin hardness were assessed in both groups using numeric rating scale [NRS] and durometer. The results revealed a significant decrease in mean values of pain sensation and skin hardness in the study group compared to the control group after treatment. To conclude that therapeutic ultrasound was effective in controlling of lipodermatosclerosis disease as regards, decreasing pain sensation and skin hardness

Treatment and incidence of recurrence of varicose veins of lower limbs

To study the presentation of varicose veins of lower limbs, treatment in our patients; and to see the causes of recurrent varicose veins at Islam Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan. Observational and descriptive study. This study was carried out at the Department of Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Sialkot; from June 2007 to August 2010.Department of Surgery, and Islam Teaching Hospital, Sialkot from September 2010 to September 2013. Adult patients referred by general practitioners with varicose veins of lower limb were included in the study. Data of sixty seven patients with varicose veins of lower limb was collected from June 2007 to September 2013. Patients were distributed in four groups depending upon the surgical procedures carried out. Full detailed history, examination, and investigations were done. Results of treatment were assessed by regular follow up. Data of only those patients was included who could complete follow up for at least 6 months. Out of 67 patients included in our study, 25 cases were having recurrence; 8[32%] was recurrent cases from pervious surgeries from somewhere else and 17[68%] cases were diagnosed with recurrence after surgery at our hospitals. So, the incidence of recurrence in our cases exclusive remained to be 29%. Failure or recurrence in "Ligation" only was 38.5%, in ligation and reverse stripping was 30.7%, stab avulsions was 44.44% and in patients who underwent ligation, reverse stripping and stab avulsions was 12.5% after follow up of minimum 6 months. The patients are still on followup and the percentages are likely to increase with time as varicosities could be obvious. The anomalous double great saphenous veins, neovascularisation or missed tributaries of great saphenous vein during surgery and deep venous thrombosis before and after surgery were the most observed finding of recurrence. The recurrence of varicose veins was more in leg only as compared to both leg and thigh. Saphenofemoral ligation with below knee stripping and stab avulsions combined has the least frequency of recurrence, while Trendlenberg operation alone has the highest

Use of intranasal splints to prevent post operative nasal Synechia formation

This study was conducted to see the effect of intranasal splints in preventing post operative nasal synechia in patients who underwent intranasal surgery. Observational and descriptive study. This study was carried out at the Department of ENT, Islam Teaching Hospital, affiliated to Islam Medical College, Pasrur road, Sialkot, Pakistan: from June 2007 to December 2013. Fifty four patients coming to Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot from September 2012 to December 2013 were selected. Intransal splints were used in all patients after the intransal surgery. Nasal pack was removed on 1[st] or second post operative day. Intranasal splints were removed on 7[th] post operative day in the clinic without anesthesia. Follow up was done on 7[th] post operative day, 2 weeks and then monthly for 3 months. In this study there were 36 cases [66.7%] were among male patients and 18 cases [33.3%] were among female patients. The Maximum age of the patients in this study was 45 years and minimum age of the patients was 9 years and mean age was 25.70. There were 2 cases [3.7%] of septal abscess drainage, 2 cases [3.7%] of septal hematoma drainage, 8 cases [14.8%] of Septoplasty, 2 cases [3.7%] septoplasty and bilateral partial inferior turbinectomy, 6 cases [11.1%] of septoplasty plus bilateral partial inferior turbinectomy, 4 cases [7.4%] of septoplasty plus left inferior turbinectomy and septoplasty plus manipulation of fractured nasal bones, 2 cases [3.7%] of septoplasty plus nasal cauterization, 20 cases [37%] of septoplasty plus right inferior turbinectomy, 2 cases [3.7%] of septoplasty plus right inferior turbinectomy plus trimming of right middle turbinate and septoplasty plus right intranasal polypectomy. There were 10 patients [18.5%] in which the nasal pack was removed on 1[st] day and 44 patients [81.5%] in which nasal pack was removed on 2[nd] day. Intranasal splints made of intravenous fluid bottle soft plastic are well tolerated and they were effective in preventing nasal synechia formation

causes of death on exhumation in Pakistan

To study the causes of death on Exhumation in Pakistan. Retrospective observational study. This study was carried out at Forensic medicine Department BMC Banu, Saido Medical College Sawat, Baynzir District Hospital Rawalpindi and Baynzir District Hospital Abbottabad from Jan 2008 to 31 March 2014. 200 cases of exhumation were included in this study which were conducted approximately in six years and four months by the medical boards of Banu, Sialkot, Rawalpindi and Abbottabad. The data was taken on proforma with the permission of the authorities which was based on exhumation conducted in these districts. The data was analyzed for results. Cases of deceased where cause of death was determined either by external and internal examination or by histological examination / chemical analysis of viscerae were included in this study. Partially decomposed, advancedly decomposed or skeletonized bodies, with no internal or external injuries sufficient to cause death and histological and toxicological reports failing to reveal any abnormal findings, were also included in the study. Different variables of bodies e.g., sex, age, time of death and disinterment, corpse condition and burial site were analyzed using statistical package for social services [SPSS] version 13. There were maximum cases of exhumation 60 cases [30%] at the disinterment time of 5 - 8 months and there were minimum cases 13 [6.5%] at the disinterment time more than 2 years. It was seen that in 59 cases of exhumation [29.5%] the dead body was fresh, 89 cases [44.5] the dead body was partially decomposed, in 29 cases [14.4%] the dead body was advancedly decomposed and in 23 cases the corpse were almost skeletonized. There were 143 cases [71.5%] belong to rural area and 57 cases [28.5%] belong to urban area. The maximum cases 100 [50%] were of age group 31 - 40 years and minimum cases of exhumation 12 [6%] were of age group more than 50 years. It was also seen that there were 173 [86.5%] male dead bodies were exhumed and only 27 cases [13.5%] were of female dead bodies. In this study there was the cause of death in 13 cases [6.5%] due to Fire arm injury, 07 cases [3.5%] due to stab wound of the trunk, 9 cases [4.5%] due cut throat, 18 cases [0.9% due to blunt injury of head and chest, 0.5 cases [2.5%] due to poisoning, 06 cases [03%] due to asphyxia and 142 cases [71.5%] the cause of death was unascertained due to advance decomposition or almost skeltonized corpse. Delayed exhumation due to lengthy legal procedures involved in carrying out this process leading to decomposition of bodies, resulting in unascertainable cause of death. Early decomposition of bodies due to multiple reasons like hot climate, water logging and salinity, improper drainage of graveyards etc is a bar to ascertain cause of death

Early assessment of outcome by ST segment elevation after acute myocardial infarction

Early assessment of outcome by ST segment elevation after acute myocardial infarction. Observational study. This study was conducted at Shaheena Jamil Teaching Hospital Abbotabad and Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot from 1[st] January 2012 to 30[th] April 2013. 160 cases of acute myocardial infarction were randomly selected from the patients attending to OPD and emergency of Shaheena Jamil Teaching Hospital Abbotabad and Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot and their peripheral Districts. During the study period, 160 patients met the criteria for inclusion and were given thrombolytic therapy. Out of these, 136 [85%] patients were males and 24 [15%] patients were females. Mean age at the time of presentation was 51.0 tears. 91 [56.8] patients had acute anterior myocardial infarction, 58 [36.2%] had acute inferior myocardial infarction and 11 [6.8%] patients had miscellaneous findings. Average time lapse was 4.03 hours from onset of the chest pain to administration of streptokinase. Group A' [complete ST segment resolution] included 67 [41.8%] patients while there were 49 [30.6%] patients in group 'B' [partial ST segment resolution] and 44 [27.5%] patients on group 'C' [no ST segment resolution]. The ST segment was raised in all of the acute myocardial infarction cases. But ST segment was resolved in patients in which streptokinase injection was given 4 to 5 hours back

Incidence of inguinal hernia with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio-economic status, dietary habits and urban or rural area of district Sialkot

To study the incidence of Inguinal Hernia with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio economic status, dietary habits and urban or Rural area of District Sialkot and its peripheral districts. Original study. This study was conducted at Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot from 1[st] January 2012 to 31[st] December 2012. 100 cases of Inguinal Hernia were selected randomly from patients attending to OPD and emergency of Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot. The result are shown in the Table No. 1 to Table No. 6. There was maximum percentage of Inguinal Hernia in age group 10-20 years [24%] and minimum in age group 81-90 years [04%] [Table No. 1]. The incidence of Inguinal Hernia was maximum in male [80%] as compared to female [20%] as shown in Table No. 2. There was maximum incidence of Inguinal Hernia in students [28%] and in factory workers, laborers, farmers was [20%] in each group and minimum in shop keepers and service men [06%] in each group as shown in Table No. 3. The incidence of Inguinal Hernia was maximum in people of low socio economic status [50%], [35%] in middle class and [15%] in people of high class as shown in Table No. 5. The incidence of Inguinal Hernia was [66%] in patients on low fibre diet and [34%] in patients on normal fibre diet as shown in Table No. 4. The incidence of Inguinal Hernia was [70%] in patients coming from rural area and [30%] in patients coming from Urban area as shown in Table No. 6

Incidence of Hepatitis A, B and C with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio economic status, and urban or rural area of Hazara division and district Sialkot

To study the incidence of Hepatitis A, B and C with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio economic status, medical and surgical treatment, blade used for shaving and urban or rural area of Hazara division and district Sialkot. Original study. This study was conducted at Shaheena Jamil Teaching Hospital Abbotabad and Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot from 1[st] January 2010 to 30[th] April 2013. 300 cases of Hepatitis A, B and C were randomly selected from the patients attending to OPD and emergency of Shaheena Jamil Teaching Hospital Abbotabad and Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot and their peripheral districts. Results are shown in Table No. 1 to Table No. 9. The sanitary conditions of drinking water should be improve. The medical and paramedical staff should take care against syringe needle prick, surgical knife cut and blood transfusion. In barber shop during hair cutting and clean shave the blade should be new one and not reused. The sexual contact should be restricted to the life partner. The dental surgery is also one toll for Hepatitis spread. The aggravating factors such as occupation and socio economic status, medical and surgical treatment, blade used for shaving, surgical instruments, syringe, blood transfusion dentistry instruments should be free of infection and sanitary conditions should be improved

Incidence of tuberculosis with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio economic status and urban or rural area of Hazara division and district Sialkot

To study the incidence of tuberculosis in patients with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio economic status, medical and surgical treatment, blade used for shaving and urban or rural area of Hazara division and district Sialkot. Original study. This study was conducted at Shaheena Jamil Teaching Hospital Abbotabad and Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot from 1[st] January 2010 to 30[th] April 2013. 500 cases of tuberculosis were randomly selected from the patients attending to OPD and emergency of Shaheena Jamil Teaching Hospital Abbotabad and Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot and their peripheral districts. Results are shown in Table No. 1 to Table No. 5. The maximum incidence of tuberculoses was in age group [31-40 years] and 23.4%. The incidence of tuberculoses was in age group 71-80 years [08%] which was minimum with relation to age group as shown in Table No. 1. There was more incidence of tuberculosis [55.4%] in women as compared to men [44.6%] because men have more resistance against tuberculosis as compared to women as shown in Table No. 2. As shown in Table No. 3 the victims of tuberculosis were maximum in laborer [23%] and factory workers [22.2%] and minimum incidence of tuberculosis was found [1.6%] in house wives as compared to other groups of people. There was maximum incidence of tuberculosis in low socio economic group of people [65.4%] in middle class of people and 2.8% in high gentry as shown in Table No. 4. Which was minimum as compared to other groups of people. As shown in Table No. 5 there was 42.6% incidence of tuberculosis as compared to rural area 57.4%

Incidence of appendicitis with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio-economic status, dietary habits and urban or rural area of district sialkot

To study the incidence of appendicitis with relation to age, sex, occupation, socio economic status, dietary habits and urban or rural area of district Sialkot. Retrospective study. This study was conducted at the Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot from 1[st] January 2012 to 31 December 2012. 100 cases of appendicitis were randomly selected from the patients attending to OPD and emergency of Islam Teaching Hospital Sialkot and its peripheral Districts. The data was collected on written pro forma and analyzed for results. In this study the incidence of appendicitis was the highest 39 % at the age 11 - 20 years and the lowest at the age of 71 - 80 years [03 %] It was seen that incidence of appendicitis was 52 % [52 cases] in male and 48 % [48 cases] in female as shown in Table No.2. The incidence was the highest in students 36 % [36 cases] as compared to business man 03 % [03 cases] as shown in Table No.3. In this study the incidence of appendicitis was 37 % [37 cases] in people having high fiber diet as compared to those people who had low fiber diet 63 % [63 cases] as shown in Table No 4. The incidence of appendicitis was 62 % [62 cases] in people living in urban area has compared to people living in rural area 38 % [38 cases] which was half of the urban area as shown in Table No 5. At the last it was seen that the incidence was 60 % [60 cases] in lower class and 40 % [40 cases] high gentry as shown in Table No 6. The incidence of appendicitis is much more in 11-20 year of age and Males were more prone as compare to Female. Students and laborers were more prone as compared to other groups of patients. Low fiber dietary habits were more in percentage as compared to patient having high fibre dietary habits and percentage of patients of appendicitis were double in Urban area as compared to rural area. The incidence of appendicitis was more in patients of low socio economic status as compared to high socio economic status

Increasing trend of homicidal drone attacks in Pakistan

To study the increasing trend of Homicidal Attacks in Pakistan. Retrospective study. This study was carried out at 1. Benazir Civil Hospital Rawalpindi, 2. Forensic Medicine Deptt. General Hospital PGMI Lahore, 3. Civil Hospital Sialkot, 4. DHQ Benazir Hospital Abbottabad 5. DHQ Hospital Gujrat from 01.01.2012 to 31.05.2013. The data of Homicidal drone attacks and mortality was collected from news papers, internet and medical journals of Forensic Medicine. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism estimates the following cumulative statistics about US drone strikes: [As of March 2013]. Total strikes: 366. Total reported killed: 2,537 - 3,581. Civilians reported killed: 2000 - 3000. Children reported killed: 368 - 997. Total reported injured: 1,174-1,465 . Strikes under the Bush Administration: 52. Strikes under the Obama Administration: 314. The trend of Homicidal drone attack was increased in Pakistan in President Pervaiz Musharaf time in favour of Americans by giving our National Airports. The people of Waziristan are also responsible for these attacks as they give information about Taliban to their centers by giving signals in a cost of dollars

Increasing trend of domestic violence with women in Pakistan

To study the increasing trend of domestic violence with women in Pakistan, Retrospective study. This study was carried at Emergency Departments of four hospitals namely Services Hospital, Lahore, Shahina Jamil Hospital Abbottabad, Gangaram Hospital Lahore and Mayo Hospital Lahore from 1[st] January 2012 to 31 May 2013. The cases of domestic violence with women were selected from aforementioned hospitals. The data was collected on proforma ad analyzed for results. In our study the incidence of Domestic violence with women was maximum at the age of 21 - 30 years [33%] and minimum at the age of 71 - 80 years as show in Table No. 1. The incidence was maximum with house wife [25 %] and minimum in wives of business man [0.5 %] as shown in Table No.2 The incidence of Domestic violence with women was 56 % in lower class, 34 % in middle class in 20 % in high gentry as shown in Table No 3. Addict member of family had 83 % incidence Domestic violence with women of and 17 % in non addict people as shown in Table No 4. The incidence of Domestic violence with women was 73 % in unmarried and 27 % in married as shown in Table No 5. The incidence of Domestic violence with women was 83 % in people having mental / physical sickness as compared to healthy people [17 %] as shown in Table No 6. The incidence of Domestic violence with women was 37 % in literate people and 63 % in illiterate people as shown in Table No 7. The incidence of Domestic violence with women was high 67 % in couples living in joint family system as compared to couple living in non joint families [33 %] as shown in Table No 8 The trend of Domestic violence with women was 67 % in rural area and 33 % in urban area as shown in table No.9. The tendency of domestic violence with women is a global problem It is increasing day by day in developed / under developed countries and nations. This trend is even going to be increased even in Muslims countries where domestic violence with women is prohibited [Haraam]